{
  "study": "The AI publisher licensing ledger: 45 deals signed since 2023, and the lawsuits running in parallel",
  "url": "https://provenbrief.com/story/the-ai-publisher-licensing-ledger-45-deals-signed-since-2023-and-the-lawsuits-ru",
  "publisher": "ProvenBrief",
  "contentUpdatedAt": "2026-09-27T12:48:36.844Z",
  "terms": "Free to use with attribution to ProvenBrief and a link to the source page.",
  "tables": [
    {
      "key": "roster-lawsuits-by-developer",
      "title": "Lawsuits on the roster by developer named",
      "measure": "How many lawsuits on the study's roster name this developer, counting each suit against every defendant named.",
      "unit": "lawsuits",
      "rows": [
        {
          "key": "lawsuits-openai",
          "label": "OpenAI",
          "value": 17,
          "note": "Roster tally as of 23 September 2026; PG's own summary still glosses around a dozen",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "lawsuits-perplexity",
          "label": "Perplexity",
          "value": 7,
          "note": "Roster count; PG's own summary glosses it as around six",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "lawsuits-microsoft",
          "label": "Microsoft",
          "value": 7,
          "note": "All seven filed jointly with OpenAI; up from six at the August count",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "lawsuits-google",
          "label": "Google",
          "value": 1,
          "note": "The Penske suit",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "lawsuits-meta",
          "label": "Meta",
          "value": 0,
          "note": "Zero news-publisher lawsuits on the roster",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "key": "roster-deal-rows-by-developer",
      "title": "Deal rows on the roster by developer",
      "measure": "How many deal rows on the study's roster have this developer as the AI counterparty.",
      "unit": "deal rows",
      "rows": [
        {
          "key": "deals-perplexity",
          "label": "Perplexity",
          "value": 5,
          "note": "Five signing-programme rows bundling roughly two dozen publishers",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "deals-microsoft",
          "label": "Microsoft",
          "value": 5,
          "note": "Five deal rows on the roster, including Nine Entertainment since July 2026",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "deals-google",
          "label": "Google",
          "value": 3,
          "note": "Three rows; Dec 2025 publisher deals not counted as licensing",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "deals-meta",
          "label": "Meta",
          "value": 2,
          "note": "Two rows; one bundles nine publishers",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "deals-anthropic",
          "label": "Anthropic",
          "value": 0,
          "note": "Zero news-publisher deal rows on the roster",
          "source": "https://www.theverge.com/ai-artificial-intelligence/986438/sony-music-warner-chappell-anthropic-lawsuit-copyright"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "key": "reported-annual-values",
      "title": "Reported annual values in the publisher-AI market",
      "measure": "Annual rate in millions of US dollars reported for this deal or offer in the study.",
      "unit": "US$m per year",
      "rows": [
        {
          "key": "price-reddit-google",
          "label": "Reddit and Google data deal",
          "value": 60,
          "note": "Roughly $60m a year; biggest confirmed annual number",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "price-newscorp-openai",
          "label": "News Corp and OpenAI",
          "value": 50,
          "note": "About $50m a year; total reported above $250m over five years",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "price-newscorp-meta",
          "label": "News Corp and Meta",
          "value": 50,
          "note": "Up to $50m a year; signed March 2026 for at least three years",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "price-dotdash-openai",
          "label": "Dotdash Meredith and OpenAI",
          "value": 16,
          "note": "At least $16m a year per a later update on the original May 2024 deal",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "price-nyt-amazon-low",
          "label": "NYT and Amazon, low end",
          "value": 20,
          "note": "Reported $20m to $25m a year per WSJ; low end shown",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "price-nyt-amazon-high",
          "label": "NYT and Amazon, high end",
          "value": 25,
          "note": "Reported $20m to $25m a year per WSJ; high end shown",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "price-bccl-openai",
          "label": "Bennett, Coleman and Co and OpenAI",
          "value": 5,
          "note": "Around $5m a year per E4m, signed 23 September 2026; matches top of the reported opening offer",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "price-openai-offer-high",
          "label": "OpenAI 2024 opening offer, high end",
          "value": 5,
          "note": "2024 reported opening offer to news organisations; ceiling",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "price-indian-express-openai",
          "label": "Indian Express Group and OpenAI",
          "value": 3,
          "note": "Around $3m a year per E4m, signed 23 September 2026",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "price-openai-offer-low",
          "label": "OpenAI 2024 opening offer, low end",
          "value": 1,
          "note": "2024 reported opening offer to news organisations; floor",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "key": "bundle-rows-publisher-coverage",
      "title": "Publishers covered by a single bundled deal row",
      "measure": "How many publishers this single bundled row covers, as stated in the study.",
      "unit": "publishers",
      "rows": [
        {
          "key": "bundle-prorata",
          "label": "Prorata row, June 2025",
          "value": 500,
          "note": "More than 500 publications; counts as one row",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "bundle-snowflake",
          "label": "Snowflake Cortex programme",
          "value": 17,
          "note": "Seventeen publishers on reported six-figure contracts per Digiday",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        },
        {
          "key": "bundle-meta",
          "label": "Meta licensing group, December 2025",
          "value": 9,
          "note": "Nine publishers including CNN, Fox News and USA Today",
          "source": "https://pressgazette.co.uk/platforms/news-publisher-ai-deals-lawsuits-openai-google/"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}